Ablation targeting nerves in or near the inferior vena cava and/or abdominal aorta for treatment of hypertension

ABSTRACT

A method for the treatment of a patient for the purpose of lowering blood pressure and/or treating other medical conditions such as cardiac arrhythmias. A catheter having an ablation element is placed inside the body of a patient and is directed to a targeted location either on in the abdominal aorta where the right or left renal arteries branch from the aorta at or near the superior junction or ostia or on the inside of the inferior vena cava near the junction with the right renal vein or in the left renal vein at a position spatially near where the left renal artery branches from the abdominal aorta. Catheters designed for use in the method where these targeted locations are also disclosed and claimed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This patent application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 13/827,114, filed Mar. 14, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application 61/644,724, filed May 9, 2012, each ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method and catheter for the treatmentof hypertension and other medical conditions through targeted ablationof nerves associated with renal activity at specific targeted locationsin or near the inferior vena cava and/or the abdominal aorta. Further, aspecific catheter for use in the method is disclosed.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

RF electrode catheters have been in common use in medical practice formany years. They are used to stimulate and map electrical activity inthe heart and to ablate sites of aberrant electrical activity. In use,the electrode catheter is inserted into a major vein or artery, e.g.,femoral artery, and then guided into the chamber of the heart ofconcern. A typical renal ablation procedure involves the insertion of acatheter having an electrode at its distal end into a renal artery inorder to complete a circumferential lesion in the artery in order todenervate the artery for the treatment of hypertension. A referenceelectrode is provided, generally taped to the skin of the patient or bymeans of a second catheter. RF (radio frequency) current is applied tothe tip electrode of the ablating catheter, and current flows throughthe media that surrounds it, i.e., blood and tissue, toward thereference electrode. The distribution of current depends on the amountof electrode surface in contact with the tissue as compared to blood,which has a higher conductivity than the tissue. Heating of the tissueoccurs due to its electrical resistance. The tissue is heatedsufficiently to cause cellular destruction in the cardiac tissueresulting in formation of a lesion within the cardiac tissue which iselectrically non-conductive. During this process, heating of theelectrode also occurs as a result of conduction from the heated tissueto the electrode itself

Ablation of cardiac tissue using ultrasound energy, including HighIntensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) energy has also been known forseveral years. In U.S. Pat. No. 7,201,749 entitled “Externally-appliedhigh intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for pulmonary vein isolation”to Govari et al., an apparatus for the ablation of cardiac tissue isdisclosed.

In U.S. Pat. No. 6,292,695 discloses a method of controlling cardiacfibrillation, tachycardia, or cardiac arrhythmia by the use of anelectrophysiology catheter having a tip section that contains at leastone stimulating electrode, the electrode being stably placed at aselected intravascular location. The electrode is connected to astimulating means, and stimulation is applied across the wall of thevessel, transvascularly, to a sympathetic or parasympathetic nerve thatinnervates the heart at a strength sufficient to depolarize the nerveand effect the control of the heart.

The use of renal neurostimulation for the treatment of heart arrhythmiaswas disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/1029671 by Demaris etal. Demaris sets forth the use of neuromodulation to effectuateirreversible electroporation or electrofusion, ablation, necrosis and/orinducement of apoptosis, alteration of gene expression, action potentialattenuation or blockade, changes in cytokine up-regulation and otherconditions in target neural fibers. In some embodiments, suchneuromodulation is achieved through application of neuromodulatoryagents, thermal energy, or high intensity focused ultrasound.

In U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0222851, now U.S. Pat. No.8,768,470, by Deem et al. the monitoring of renal neuromodulation wasproposed stimulation to identify renal nerves to denervate or modulate.Stimulation of such nerves after prior to neural modulation would beexpected to reduce blood flow while stimulation after neural modulationwould not be expected to reduce blood flow to the same degree whenutilizing similar situation parameters and locations prior to neuralmodulation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a method for the treatment ofpatients, particularly, the treatment of hypertension and otherassociated medical conditions through the ablation of nerves associatedwith renal activity.

The present method for the treatment of a patient comprises the steps ofinserting an ablation catheter having an ablation element mountedthereon into the body of a patient either to specific locations on theinside of the abdominal aorta or inside the inferior vena cava or leftrenal vein that target right and left renal nerves. Ablation at thesespecific targeted locations will denervate sufficient nerve fibersrunning through the renal arteries to the kidneys to treat hypertensionor other medical conditions.

The method for the treatment of the patient includes the steps ofinserting an ablation catheter into a body of a patient and ablatingtissue at a targeted location wherein the targeted location is at ornear the intersection of a renal artery and the abdominal aorta so as todenervate the renal artery. One targeted location is in the abdominalaorta in the vicinity of the superior junction of the abdominal aortaand the left renal artery. Another targeted location is in the abdominalaorta in the vicinity of the superior junction of the abdominal aortaand the right renal artery. Targeted locations include tissue in theabdominal aorta in the vicinity of the ostium of the abdominal aorta andthe right renal artery and in the vicinity of the ostium of theabdominal aorta and the left renal artery.

A further method in accordance with the present invention calls for thetreatment of a patient by inserting an ablation catheter into theinferior vena cava of a patient and, ablating tissue at a targetedlocation in the inferior vena cava in the vicinity of where the rightrenal vein branches off from the inferior vena cava so as to denervatethe renal artery. The targeted location is in the vicinity of the ostiumof the inferior vena cava and the right renal vein. This targetedlocation is, preferably, in the location spatially nearest to thesuperior junction between the right renal artery and the abdominalaorta.

Another method for the treatment of a patient in accordance with thepresent invention includes the steps of inserting an ablation catheterinto the left renal vein of a patient and ablating tissue at a targetedlocation in the left renal vein where the left renal vein crosses overthe junction where the left renal artery branches from the abdominalaorta so as to denervate the renal artery. The targeted location in theleft renal vein is preferably the location spatially nearest to thesuperior junction between the left renal artery and the abdominal aorta.

The method utilizes an ablation catheter capable of ablating tissueusing radio frequency energy at an electrode, laser energy, microwaveenergy, cryogenic cooling or ultrasound. If an rf electrode is used itmay be irrigated so as to decrease damage to the endothelial cellslining the lumen of the renal artery preferably having a plurality ofholes through which a cooling fluid is capable of flowing. The ablationcatheter for ablating at the targeted location may have a plurality ofspines each having an ablation element disposed at the distal end, suchas “s” shaped spines curving into and then away from the longitudinalaxis of the catheter.

The spines may be made of nitinol and are designed to be substantiallylinear when constrained in a delivery sheath. The ablation catheter mayincorporate a stabilizing member that is placed in a vessel near thetarget location so as to stabilize the ablation element. The stabilizingmember may be an inflatable balloon and may be guided over a guidewire.

A further apparatus for the ablation of tissue at the target location inthe abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava or left renal vein has anelongated tubular body having a distal tip with a plurality of spinesdisposed thereon wherein each spine has a free distal end and anablation element disposed on the free distal end of each spine. Thespines may support rf electrodes. The spines may be s-shaped curvingtoward and then away from the longitudinal axis of the elongated body.The spines may be made of a shape memory material, such as nitinol, thatis capable of being substantially straight when constrained in adelivery sheath and which returns to the s-shape when no longerconstrained in the delivery sheath. An additional apparatus for theablation of tissue at a target location in the abdominal aorta, inferiorvena cava or left renal vein in accordance with the present inventionhas an elongated tubular shaft having a proximal end and distal end, adistal assembly with a generally circular member disposed thereon, atleast one ablation element disposed on the generally circular distalmember and a control handle mounted at the proximal end of the elongatedtubular shaft. The ablation element may be an rf electrode which may beirrigated.

The generally circular member includes a shape memory material, such asnitinol, to form the generally circular member when it is unconstrained.Such an apparatus may include a contraction wire extending through theelongated shaft and the distal assembly attached to the control handleincluding a first control member configured to actuate the contractionwire to contract the generally circular form. Such an apparatus mayinclude a deflection wire extending through the elongated shaft, whereinthe control handle includes a second control member configured toactuate the deflection wire to deflect a portion of the elongated body.The apparatus has at least one rf electrode, and preferably six ringelectrodes, which may be connected to an electrical lead capable ofproviding signal indicative of a measure of temperature. The apparatusof claim 29 wherein the rf electrodes comprise six ring electrodes. Theapparatus may include a plurality of location sensors, preferably, wherethe plurality of location sensors includes a distal sensor located nearthe distal end of the distal most electrode, a middle sensor locatednear an intermediate electrode and a proximal sensor near the distal tipof the distal assembly. The generally circular member may be an arc thatsubtends at least 180 degrees forming a semicircle when uncontractedwhich can be contracted into a smaller circular shape.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will bebetter understood by reference to the following detailed descriptionwhen considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the abdominal anatomy of a humanincluding the renal veins and arteries and depicting the ablationtargets in accordance with a first method in accordance with the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the abdominal anatomy of a humanincluding the renal veins and arteries and depicting the ablationtargets in accordance with a second method in accordance with thepresent invention.

FIG. 3 is a side view of the distal section of an embodiment of acatheter for use in the method of the present invention and a depictionof its implementation at a targeted location.

FIG. 4 is a side view of the distal section of the catheter of FIG. 3 ina collapsed state for deployment within the veins or arteries.

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a system for use in practicingthe methods described herein.

FIG. 6 is a diagram depicting a further embodiment of an apparatus forablating the targeted location according to the present invention showndeployed in and near the renal artery.

FIG. 7 is a side view of a further embodiment of a catheter for use inaccordance with the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a diagram depicting a further embodiment an apparatus forablating the targeted location according to the present invention showndeployed in and near the renal artery.

FIGS. 9A is a side view of circular catheter 500 in accordance with andfor use in the method of the present invention.

FIG. 9B is a bottom plan view of the distal end assembly of the circularcatheter of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 9C is a side view of the distal end assembly and shaft of thecircular catheter of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 9D is a top plan view of the distal end assembly of the circularcatheter of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 9E is a cross-sectional view of a proximal portion of FIG. 9Athrough line A-A

FIG. 9F is a cross-sectional view of the catheter of FIG. 9A throughline B-B.

FIG. 9G is a cross-sectional view of the distal assembly of FIG. 9Cthrough line C-C.

FIG. 9H is a cross-sectional view of the distal assembly of FIG. 9Cthrough line D-D.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Currently renal denervation is performed within the renal artery and theoptimum lesion set is a helically formed set of lesions within the renalartery that provides for a complete or nearly complete circumferentiallesion around the artery, whether contiguously circumferential or not.Several alternative methods are described herein.

One method described herein is the use of ablation outside of the renalartery at the superior junction where the renal artery branches off fromthe aorta thereby focusing ablation energy where the nerves startfollowing the path of the renal artery. At this junction point thenerves are dense and numerous. Denenervating the tissue at the locationwhich includes a majority of this set of nerves using a single ablationinterrupts the sympathetic nerve traffic. This method minimizes thenumber of ablation sites in the aorta therefore decreasing the chance ofspasm or stenosis of the artery. By focusing on just one location ofdense nerves the method also alleviates the need to create multipleablation locations to try and target all the nerves. In this method itis necessary to ablate at the superior junction of the right and leftrenal artery.

The catheters for use in this method allows the user to direct thetherapy at that site with a very stable position. The catheter is usedto create a large and deep lesion so that all nerves at that locationare denervated. The most advantageous method of energy delivery would besuch that the energy delivery would be able to be focused deeper withinthe adventi tissue and spare as much of the endothelial layer aspossible to avoid possible stenosis and also target the nerves in theadventitia as the targeted nerves are not at the surface or in theendothelia. Some known methods of energy delivery that have thesecharacteristics are radiofrequency (RF) ablation catheters (irrigated ornon-irrigated), focused ultrasound catheters or laser energy deliverycatheters. Optimally the catheter would be able to sit around the renalartery and then ablate just at the juncture point. A balloon or astabilizing member may be used as the anchoring device within the renalartery or a branch of a vessel to help locate and stabilize the pointlike ablation device which then is located to the side or forward of theanchoring device so that it is stabilized at the desired targetedjunction location.

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the preferred locations for the targetedablation of the renal sympathetic nerves in the right and left renalarteries. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the preferred locations for thetargeted ablation of the nerves of the right and left renal veins.

In FIG. 1, Left and right kidneys (LK and RK) are supplied withoxygenated blood by the right renal artery (A) and left renal arteries(D) which are in turn supplied by the abdominal aorta (B). Despite theirrelatively small size, the kidneys receive approximately 20% of thetotal oxygenated blood output of the heart. Each renal artery branchesinto segmental arteries, dividing further into interlobar arteries whichpenetrate the renal capsule and extend through the renal columns betweenthe renal pyramids. Urine is excreted by the kidneys LK and RK then tothe ureters and then to the bladder of the urinary system. Also shown inFIG. 1 are the right gonadal artery (E) and the left gonadal artery (F).

Once the oxygenated blood is used by the kidneys it flows from thekidneys back to the heart via the right renal vein (I) from the rightkidney (RK) and via the left renal vein (K) from the left kidney (LK)through inferior vena cava or “IVC” (J). Also shown in FIG. 2 are theright gonadal vein (L) and the left gonadal vein (M), The kidneys andthe central nervous system communicate via the renal plexus, whosefibers course along the renal arteries to reach each kidney. Renalnerves extend longitudinally along the length of and around the renalarteries RA generally within the adventitia of the wall of the arteryapproximately 3 mm below the endothelial layer.

FIG. 1 depicts the target locations for ablation in the abdominal aorta(B). A catheter is introduced into the abdominal aorta (B) and theablation targets the nerves from the aorta side. Optimally the rightbundle of nerves would be targeted and ablated at a single location inthe abdominal aorta at the superior junction of the abdominal aortawhere the respective right and left renal artery branches off atlocations 10 for the right renal artery and 20 for the left renal arteryrespectively.

FIG. 2 depicts the target locations for ablation in an alternativeembodiment of the present method targeting the location of dense nervesnear the IVC (J). A catheter is introduced into the IVC and the ablationtargets the appropriate nerves from the venous side. Optimally the rightbundle of nerves would be targeted and ablated at a single location inthe IVC at the junction of the IVC where the right renal vein branches(I) off from the IVC at 30. To target the left nerves the ablation isperformed in the vicinity of a location in the left renal vein where theleft renal artery branches from the abdominal aorta at the point wherethe left renal vein crossed over this branching junction 40. Ablation ofthe targeted nerves on the right side should occur at the location inthe IVC that is nearest spatially to the superior junction between theright renal artery and the abdominal aorta. Likewise, ablation of thetargeted nerves on the left side should occur at the location in theleft renal vein that is nearest spatially to the superior junctionbetween the left renal artery and the abdominal aorta. The ablation atthese locations is meant to ablate through the wall of the IVC or leftrenal vein to target the nerves that enervate the right and left kidneybut reside near the superior junction of the right and left renalarteries as they branch from the abdominal aorta.

In third embodiment of the method the ablation is performed at targetedlocations inside the abdominal aorta at the ostia that lead to the rightand left renal arteries or in the inferior vena cava at the ostia to theright and left renal veins.

FIG. 3 shows a catheter 110 designed to ablate at the ostium of a vesselsuch as, but not limited to, an artery or a vein. The particularembodiment describes a catheter that has a plurality of cantileveredspine assemblies at the distal end wherein each spine assembly has afree, unsupported distal end. The shape of the distal assembly iscreated from nitinol or other shape memory material. The shape of thedistal structure in the free state position looks like multiple “S”shapes spines 120 protruding from the distal end of the catheter shaft.The ablation element 122 that sits at the distal end of the “S” shapeforms the secondary curve. Due to the curve or elbow of the electrode,the electrode can engage the vessel's ostium. The Nitinol spines arecovered by a Pebax, Pellethane or other thermoplastic elastomer.

When the catheter is retracted from the body the spines rotate almost acomplete 180 degrees, which is directed by the guiding sheath orcatheter. Due to the shape of the electrodes, when the spines are intheir retracting position the distal assembly has an overall diameterthat is the same or nearly the same as the diameter of the shaft. Thisfeature permits the catheter to still be retracted through a sheath thatis of clinically acceptable size. The retracted position of the catheteris depicted in FIG. 4.

If the ablation element 122 is an electrode it will have correspondinglead wires for energy application and temperature sensing. It ispossible with this design to have electrodes that irrigate.

In a renal denervation procedure it may be critical to ablate the ostiumof an artery where there may be high nerve density. Additionally, thecatheter could be used in a procedure for the treatment of atrialfibrillation where it is desired to entrap the pulmonary veins byablating around the ostium.

The advantages of the catheter of FIGS. 3 and 4 for use in the presentmethod include the ability of a catheter/ablating electrode to conformto the ostium, the ability of the catheter to perform a single ormulti-point ablation, the catheter can be used to ablate at the ostiumand easily within a tubular vessel. Additionally, the catheter design iseasy to retract into a guiding sheath/catheter and is designed to ensurethat the catheter/ablating electrode engages the ostium.

FIG. 5 is a schematic, pictorial illustration of a system 20 for renaland/or cardiac catheterization and ablation, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. System 20 may be based, forexample, on the CARTO™ system, produced by Biosense Webster Inc.(Diamond Bar, Calif.) and/or SmartAblate or nMarq RF generation system.This system comprises an invasive probe in the form of a catheter 28 anda control and/or ablation console 34. In the embodiment describedhereinbelow, it is assumed that catheter 28 is used in ablatingendocardial tissue, as is known in the art. Alternatively, the cathetermay be used mutatis mutandis, for other therapeutic and/or diagnosticpurposes in the heart, kidneys or in other body organs.

An operator 26, such as a cardiologist, electrophysiologist orinterventional radiologist, inserts catheter 28 (which may be designedin accordance with FIG. 3 and or 4 or the later described embodimentsbelow or comprise other known designs such as the Biosense ThermoCool orThermoCool SF ablation catheter design) into and through the body of apatient 24 so that a distal end 30 of the catheter either enters theinferior vena cava or abdominal aorta or contacts the outside of theabdominal aorta. The operator advances the catheter so that the distalsection of the catheter engages tissue at a desired location orlocations described hereinabove. Catheter 28 is typically connected by asuitable connector at its proximal end to console 34. The console 34comprises a radio frequency (RF) generator 40, which supplieshigh-frequency electrical energy via the catheter for ablating tissue inthe heart at the locations engaged by the distal tip, as describedfurther hereinbelow. Alternatively, the catheter and system may beconfigured to perform ablation by other techniques that are known in theart, such as cryo-ablation, ultrasound ablation or ablation through theuse of microwave energy or laser light.

Console 34 may also use magnetic position sensing to determine positioncoordinates of distal end 30 inside the body of the patient 24. For thispurpose, a driver circuit 38 in console 34 drives field generators 32 togenerate magnetic fields within the body of patient 24. Typically, thefield generators comprise coils, which are placed below the patient'storso at known positions external to the patient. These coils generatemagnetic fields in a predefined working volume that contains theabdominal aorta near the renal veins and arteries. A magnetic fieldsensor within distal end 30 of catheter 28 (shown in FIG. 2) generateselectrical signals in response to these magnetic fields. A signalprocessor 36 processes these signals in order to determine the positioncoordinates of the distal end, typically including both location andorientation coordinates. This method of position sensing is implementedin the above-mentioned CARTO system and is described in detail in U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,391,199, 6,690,963, 6,484,118, 6,239,724, 6,618,612 and6,332,089, in PCT Patent Publication WO 96/05768, and in U.S. PatentApplication Publications 2002/0065455 A1, now U.S. Patent No. 6,690,963,2003/0120150 A1, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,729,742, and 2004/0068178 A1, nowabandoned, whose disclosures are all incorporated herein by reference.

Processor 36 typically comprises a general-purpose computer, withsuitable front end and interface circuits for receiving signals fromcatheter 28 and controlling the other components of console 34. Theprocessor may be programmed in software to carry out the functions thatare described herein. The software may be downloaded to console 34 inelectronic form, over a network, for example, or it may be provided ontangible media, such as optical, magnetic or electronic memory media.Alternatively, some or all of the functions of processor 36 may becarried out by dedicated or programmable digital hardware components.Based on the signals received from the catheter and other components ofsystem 20, processor 36 drives a display 42 to give operator 26 visualfeedback regarding the position of distal end 30 in the patient's body,as well as status information and guidance regarding the procedure thatis in progress.

Alternatively or additionally, system 20 may comprise an automatedmechanism for maneuvering and operating catheter 28 within the body ofpatient 24. Such mechanisms are typically capable of controlling boththe longitudinal motion (advance/retract) of the catheter and transversemotion (deflection/steering) of the distal end of the catheter. Somemechanisms of this sort use DC magnetic fields for this purpose, forexample. In such embodiments, processor 36 generates a control input forcontrolling the motion of the catheter based on the signals provided bythe magnetic field sensor in the catheter. These signals are indicativeof both the position of the distal end of the catheter and of forceexerted on the distal end, as explained further hereinbelow.

FIG. 6 depicts a further embodiment of a catheter for use in the methodof the present invention as deployed in the renal artery. In FIG. 6 anablation electrode 222 on the distal tip of catheter 220 is used to makea point ablation at a target location. Catheter 220 is guided near thetarget location by guiding sheath 210. A stabilizing balloon 230 isanchored in the right renal artery (A) (or alternatively a renal vein)in order to stabilize the ablation electrode 222 at the target location.The stabilizing balloon 230 can be comprised of a polymer such as PET,nylon and polyurethane or similar materials. The stabilizing balloon isinflated with saline or similar fluid in order to provide an anchor in avessel such as a renal artery or renal vein. Once the stabilizingballoon 230 is inflated the ablation electrode on the distal tip ofcatheter 210 is guided into contact with the point near the ostium wherethe ablation is targeted.

FIG. 7 is a side view of a further embodiment of a catheter for use inaccordance with the present invention. Catheter 310 has a plurality ofcantilevered, shape memory material arms or spines 320, each having afree distal end and each having one or more ablation electrodes 322mounted at or near the distal end. The user may then chose to ablateusing the electrode of the arm having the location closest to the targetlocation, for example, closest to the plexus of nerves. Each tip has atip electrode capable of delivering ablative energy to the targetedtissue. The arms 320 then may be retracted into a guiding sheath (notshown) which causes the arms to fold inward for withdrawal of thecatheter 310 from the body of the patient.

FIG. 8 is a diagram depicting a further embodiment of the inventiondeployed in and near the renal artery. Guiding sheath 410 is used toguide an ablation catheter 422 and a guidewire 432 that is guideddistally of the guiding sheath 410 into the renal artery (oralternatively a renal vein). Ablation catheter 422 takes a rounded or“crescent” shape when unconstrained from guiding sheath 410 and containsone or more ring electrodes capable of delivering ablative energy to thetarget location. This would give the user the ability to determine thecorrect spot to ablate near the target location once the guidewire 432and stabilizing member 430 are stabilized at the target location.Additionally rings electrodes could be placed on the stabilizing memberto record energy signals to confirm whether electrical signals are stillbeing transmitted to the renal artery (or other vessel). Stabilizingmember 430 may be a balloon or other expandable member.

FIGS. 9A-H depict a catheter 500 that is designed for use in the methodof the present invention. FIG. 9A is a side view of a catheter inaccordance with the present invention. FIG. 9B is a bottom plan view ofdistal assembly 520 and FIG. 9C is a side plan view of the shaft 510 andthe distal assembly 520. FIG. 9 D is a top plan view of the distalassembly 520. Distal assembly 520 is a generally circular assembly witha height (H) of approximately 11 millimeters (mm). A plurality of ringelectrodes 530, preferably six, is dispersed on the generally circularportion of the distal assembly. The distal most ring electrode 530 beingapproximately 3 mm from the atraumatic tip 540 which is preferably apolyurtethane plug at the distal tip of the distal assembly 520. Eachring electrode is approximately 3 mm in length and is spaced from thenext electrode by approximately 4 to 4.5 mm. Each ring electrode 530 ismade of a noble metal, preferably a mixture of platinum and iridiumalthough other noble metals such as gold and palladium may also be used,and is connected to a plurality of lead wires. Each ring electrode maybe used for visualization, stimulation and ablation purposes. Athermocouple is attached to each ring electrode to provide an indicationof the temperature at or near the tissue. RF energy can be deliveredeither individually to one electrode, simultaneously to more than oneelectrode or in a bi-polar mode between electrodes. The ring electrodesmay be irrigated through a plurality of apertures (shown as 519 in FIG.9D) connected to an irrigation lumen 535 and 535 a described below.

The distal assembly also contains three sensors which may be three-axismagnetic location sensors or singles axis (SAS) sensors. A distal sensor550 c is located near the distal end of the distal most ring electrode530. A middle sensor 550 b is located near the distal end of the ringelectrode 530 located near an intermediate or middle ring electrode. Aproximal sensor is a “floating sensor” located near the atraumatic tip540. The catheter 500 alternatively contains a contraction wire (notshown) that is used to vary the expansion and contraction of the loop tovarying sizes. Such a contractible catheter could be made in two sizeranges: one varying from between approximately 19 mm in diameter at thelargest down to approximately 10 mm at its smallest fully contractedstate; and a second smaller diameter catheter varying betweenapproximately 14 mm in diameter at its largest down to approximately 6mm at its smallest fully contracted state. If a contraction wire is notused the distal assembly 520 should be approximately 8 to 12 mm andpreferably around 10 mm in diameter when unconstrained. The distalassembly 520 is designed to define an arc oriented obliquely relative tothe axis and having a center of curvature on the axis. The term“oblique” in the present context means that the plane in space that bestfits the arc is angles relative to the longitudinal axis of shaft 545.The angle between the plane and the axis is greater than 45 degrees. Thearc subtends 180 degrees forming a semicircle which can then becontracted into a smaller circular shape. The angle of the subtended arcmay vary from 90 degrees to 360 degrees, but in the preferableembodiment is 180 degrees.

The loop includes a base 510 which is connected to the distal end of theinsertion shaft 545 and a tip. The loop features a centered, generallycylindrical form such that the tip protrudes axially in a distaldirection relative to the base. Preferably, the axis of the base 510 andshaft 545 is centered along the diameter of the unconstrained loop,however, it may also be centered along the diameter of the constrainedloop. The pitch of the distal assembly 520 is fixed along the length ofthe loop and is approximately 5 to 20 degrees.

The shape of the distal tip assembly arises by incorporating a structuremade from a shape memory material such as nitinol which has beenpre-formed to assume the desired shape when unconstrained at bodytemperature. The distal tip assembly is sufficiently flexible to permitthe loop to straighten during insertion through a sheath (not shown) andthen resume the arcuate form when unconstrained.

The shaft 545 of the catheter 500 is attached to a control handle 516which has a narrower portion 516 a at the proximal end of the shaft 545.Control handle 516 may alternatively include two independent mechanismsfor controlling the expansion/contraction of the loop through acontraction wire and the deflection of the distal tip assembly using apuller wire as depicted in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/174,742 which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Catheter 500 may also incorporate a guidewire to ensure placement of thedistal tip assembly at the proper location or it may incorporate a softdistal tip section parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shaft 545and base 510 that would be used to guide the distal tip assembly intothe proper location.

FIG. 9A is a side view of catheter 500 in accordance with the presentinvention when no contraction or deflection wire is present. FIG. 9E isa cross-sectional view of the proximal portion of FIG. 9A through lineA-A Control handle 516 is a generally cylindrical tubular structure butcan also take other shapes and configurations that provide the user ofthe device with the ability to manipulate the catheter while providingan interior cavity for passage of components. Control handle 516 withnarrower portion 516 a is made of an injection molded polymer such aspolyethylene, polycarbonate or ABS or other similar material. Connector518 is inserted into the proximal end of control handle 516 and providesan electrical connection to a mating connector and cable assembly thatis connected to an RF generator. Connector 518 is secured through theuse of epoxy or other similar means. Lead wire assembly 543 comprises aTeflon sheath and six pairs of lead wires 541, 542 housed therein, onepair for each ring electrode 530 and associated thermocouple (notshown). The proximal end of each lead wire is electrically andmechanically connected to the connector 518 through the use of solder orother means. Irrigation luer hub 512 is a fitting capable of beingattached to mating connector from an irrigation source such as anirrigation pump (not shown). Irrigation luer hub 512 is attached toirrigation side arm 511 using polyamide to form a seal against fluidintrusion. Irrigation fluid is then conveyed from the irrigation hubthrough the irrigation lumen 535. Irrigation lumen 535 passes throughthe lumen in side arm 511 through the wall of the control handle 516through the shaft 545 and then into irrigation lumen 535 a in the base510 of the multi-lumen tube 525 for approximately 3 mm into the distalassembly 520 in order to convey irrigation fluid to each ring electrode530 which has a plurality of holes apertures 519 therethrough asdepicted in FIG. 9D. The catheter 500 may also be constructed withoutirrigation.

Control handle 516 has a portion which of a smaller diameter 516 a whichis adapted to receive the proximal end of the catheter assembly 570which is comprised of strain relief element 551, 552 and shaft 545through which lead wire assembly 543 and irrigation lumen 535 pass.Strain relief elements 551 and 552 in the preferred embodiment are twoshrink sleeves made of polyolefin or similar material which are heatedto shrink over the shaft 545. Polyurethane is then used to attach thestrain relief elements 551 and 552 into the handle portion 516 a.

The working length (L) of the catheter assembly 550 is approximately 90cm from the distal end of strain relief element 552 to the distal tip ofthe distal assembly 520 when used for renal ablation. The working lengthmay vary depending on the application. Distal assembly 520 comprises amulti-lumen tube 525 which has a plurality of ring electrodes 530mounted thereon. In a preferred embodiment for renal ablation six ringelectrodes are used. The maximum diameter of the generally circulardistal assembly 520 is approximately 8-12 mm, preferably around 10 mmwhen un-constricted. The ring electrodes 530 preferably have a maximumouter diameter of 2 mm at the middle and a minimum outer diameter of 1.7mm at the narrower ends. The ring electrodes may be made on any materialdescribed herein but are preferably made of 90% platinum and 10% iridiumbut cold be comprised a combination of these and/or other suitable noblemetals such as gold and palladium. Multi-lumen tube 525 with base 510are made of a material that is more flexible than the material in theshaft 545 preferably 35D PEBAX with no wire braid, although othermaterials and durometers may be used depending on the desired stiffnessof the distal assembly 520. Shaft 545 is made of pellethane,polyurethane or PEBAX and contains an internal stiffener, as describedherein, which is an inner tube made of nylon or polyimide or similarmaterial.

FIGS. 9B-H show a portion of the distal assembly 520 containing the ringelectrodes 530. Each pair of lead wires 541 and 542 is welded to arespective ring electrode to provide a robust connection. A polyurethanecoating is placed over each end of each ring electrode in order to sealagainst a fluid intrusion and to provide an atraumatic transitionbetween the electrodes 530 and the multi-lumen tube 525 of distalassembly 520. FIGS. 9F-9H show the distal assembly 520 connected toshaft 545 and various cross-sections therethrough. FIG. 9F is across-sectional view of FIG. 9A through B-B in shaft 545. FIG. 9G is across-sectional view of FIG. 9C though line C-C. FIG. 9H is across-sectional view of FIG. 9C through line D-D. Atraumatic tip dome540 is a polyurethane dome with a shaft that extends into the end of theirrigation lumen 535 a at the end of the multi-lumen tube 525. Thenitinol wire/shape memory support member 521 extends from at or near thedistal end of the multi-lumen tube 525 into the shaft 545 forapproximately 25 millimeters into the shaft. This provides stability tothe distal assembly 520. Nitinol wire 521 is preferably square incross-section 0.0075 inch by 0.0075 inch) but could be square, circularor rectangular in cross-section with a width or diameter between 0.006inch and 0.010 inch. The nitinol wire is pre-formed to take a generallycircular shape having a diameter of approximately 10 mm and a height Hof approximately 5 to 11 preferably approximately 7 when it is in notconstrained within a sheath. The nitinol wire will impart this circularshape on the other components of distal assembly 520. In FIGS. 9G and 9Hthe cross-sections of multi-lumen tube 525 shows ring electrode 530mounted on multi-lumen tube 525. Multi-lumen tube 525 also contains anirrigation lumen 535 a and a lead wire lumen 531 housing the lead wireassembly 543 which comprises pairs of lead wires 541 and 542. In FIG. 9Gthe connection of a first pair of lead wires (541, 542) that isconnected to electrode 530 is shown. The additional pairs of lead wirescan be seen in the remainder of lead wire assembly 543 in FIG. 9G. FIG.9H shows the final pair of lead wires (541, 542) which will be attachedto the distal most electrode 530. Lumen 532 houses the nitinol wire 521.Lumen 553 is in multi-lumen tube 525 is unused in the preferredembodiment but could be used for a contraction wire, wiring foradditional thermocouples or other sensors that are desired in the tipassembly. In FIG. 9F the arrangement of the nitinol wire 521, irrigationlumen 535 and the lead wire assembly 543 within the shaft 545 can beseen. Stiffener 547 provides added stiffness to the shaft 545 and iscomprised of a material such as polyimide or nylon, preferably polyimidehaving a thickness of approximately 0.002 thousandths. The stiffener 547runs substantially the entire length of the shaft 545. Polyurethane isused to bond shaft 145 to the base 510 of the multi-lumen tube 525. Thispreferred polyurethane bond prevents fluids from entering at thejunction of these two elements. Other methods of bonding such as heatsealing or other glues may be used.

Additionally, a fluoro-opaque marker may be placed at or near the distalend of the distal assembly 520 to aid visualization under fluroscopy.Such a fluoro-opaque marker can be a ring shaped structure made from anoble metal such as a combination of platinum and iridium of a similarcomposition to a ring electrode 19, however such a marker band may benarrower in width and would not contain apertures for irrigation fluid.

In use, the catheter assembly 500 is used with a sheath, preferably, asteerable sheath (not shown) which facilitates the placement of thecatheter in the proper place in the anatomy for the desiredablation/denervation. Once the distal end of the catheter assembly 550exits the sheath the nitinol wire/support member 521 will cause thedistal assembly to take the pre-configured generally circular shape. Thegenerally circular shape will provide sufficient apposition of the ringelectrodes against the interior wall of the aorta or IVC at the targetlocations described above a the superior junction near or around theostia to a renal artery or vein to provide contact for an ablation thatupon the delivery of RF energy from a generator to one or more of thering electrodes will result in the denervation or partial denervation ofthe renal artery.

The preceding description has been presented with reference to presentlypreferred embodiments of the invention. Workers skilled in the art andtechnology to which this invention pertains will appreciate thatalterations and changes in the described structure may be practicedwithout meaningfully departing from the principal, spirit and scope ofthis invention. In that regard, the foregoing description should not beread as pertaining only to the precise structures described andillustrated in the accompanying drawings, but rather should be readconsistent with and as support to the following claims which are to havetheir fullest and fair scope.

1. A method for the treatment of a patient, comprising the steps of:inserting an ablation catheter into a body of a patient; and ablatingtissue at a targeted location at or near the intersection of a renalartery and the abdominal aorta so as to denervate the renal artery. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein the targeted location is in the abdominalaorta in the vicinity of the superior junction of the abdominal aortaand the left renal artery.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein thetargeted location is in the abdominal aorta in the vicinity of thesuperior junction of the abdominal aorta and the right renal artery. 4.The method of claim 1, wherein the targeted location is in the abdominalaorta in the vicinity of the ostium of the abdominal aorta and the rightrenal artery.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the targeted location isin the abdominal aorta in the vicinity of the ostium of the abdominalaorta and the left renal artery.
 6. A method for the treatment of apatient, comprising the steps of: inserting an ablation catheter intothe inferior vena cava of a patient; and ablating tissue at a targetedlocation in the inferior vena cava in the vicinity of where the rightrenal vein branches off from the inferior vena cava so as to denervatethe renal artery.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the target locationis in the vicinity of the ostium of the inferior vena cava and the rightrenal vein.
 8. A method for the treatment of a patient, comprising thesteps of: inserting an ablation catheter into the left renal vein of apatient; and ablating tissue at a targeted location in the left renalvein where the left renal vein crosses of over the junction where theleft renal artery branches from the abdominal aorta so as to denervatethe renal artery.
 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the targetedlocation in the inferior vena cava is the location spatially nearest tothe superior junction between the right renal artery and the abdominalaorta.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the targeted location in theleft renal vein is the location spatially nearest to the superiorjunction between the left renal artery and the abdominal aorta.
 11. Themethod of claims 1, wherein ablating tissue comprises ablating usingradio frequency energy at an electrode, the ablation catheter beingconfigured to ablate tissue using radio frequency energy at theelectrode.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein ablating tissue comprisesablating using laser energy, microwave energy, cryogenic cooling, rfenergy, or ultrasound energy, the ablation catheter being configured toablate tissue using laser energy, microwave energy, cryogenic cooling,rf energy, or ultrasound energy, respectively.
 13. The method of claim11, further comprising irrigating the electrode so as to decrease damageto endothelial cells lining a lumen of the renal artery.
 14. The methodof claim 13, wherein the rf ablation catheter has a plurality of holesthrough which a cooling fluid is capable of flowing.
 15. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the ablation catheter for ablating at the targetlocation comprises a plurality of spines each having an ablation elementdisposed at a distal end thereof.
 16. The method of claim 15, whereineach spine of the plurality of spines is S shaped curving into and thenaway from a longitudinal axis of the ablation catheter.
 17. The methodof claim 15, wherein the plurality of spines are made of nitinol and areconfigured to be substantially linear when constrained in a deliverysheath.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the ablation cathetercomprises an ablation element and a stabilizing member that is placed ina vessel near the target location so as to stabilize the ablationelement.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the stabilizing member isan inflatable balloon.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein thestabilizing member is guided into the vessel over a guidewire.
 21. Anapparatus for the ablation of tissue at a target location in theabdominal aorta, inferior vena cava and/or left renal vein, comprising:an elongated tubular shaft having a proximal end and distal end; adistal assembly comprising a generally circular member disposed thereon;at least one ablation element disposed on the generally circular member;and a control handle mounted at the proximal end of the elongatedtubular shaft.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the ablationelement is at least one rf electrode.
 23. The apparatus of claim 22,wherein the at least one rf electrode is irrigated.
 24. The apparatus ofclaim 21, wherein the generally circular member further comprises ashape memory material to form the generally circular member when it isunconstrained.
 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the shape memorymaterial is nitinol.
 26. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising acontraction wire extending through the elongated tubular shaft and thedistal assembly, wherein the control handle comprises a first controlmember configured to actuate the contraction wire to contract thegenerally circular member.
 27. The apparatus of claim 21, furthercomprising a deflection wire extending through the elongated tubularshaft, wherein the control handle comprises a second control memberconfigured to actuate the deflection wire to deflect a portion of theelongated body.
 28. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the at least onerf electrode is connected to an electrical lead configured to provide asignal indicative of a measure of temperature.
 29. The apparatus ofclaim 22, wherein the at least one rf electrode comprises a six ringelectrode.
 30. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the distal assemblycomprises a plurality of location sensors.
 31. The apparatus of claim30, wherein the plurality of location sensors comprises a distal sensorlocated near a distal end of the distal most electrode, a middle sensorlocated near an intermediate electrode and a proximal sensor near adistal tip of the distal assembly.
 32. The apparatus of claim 31,wherein the generally circular member is an arc that subtends at least180 degrees forming a semicircle when uncontracted which can becontracted into a smaller circular shape.